Key concepts in System Design

 System Design

1. Load Balancing: Distributes incoming traffic across multiple servers to improve performance and availability.
2. Caching: Stores frequently accessed data for quicker retrieval, reducing latency.
3. Sharding: Splits a database into smaller, manageable parts for better performance and scalability.
4. Replication: Copies data across multiple servers to ensure high availability and fault tolerance.
5. Message Queues: Enables asynchronous communication, improving scalability and decoupling system components.
6. Horizontal Scaling: Adds more servers to handle increased load, distributing workload across multiple machines.
7. Vertical Scaling: Enhances the capacity of a single server by adding more resources (CPU, RAM, etc.).
8. CAP Theorem: States that in distributed systems, you can only achieve two of the following three: Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance.
9. API Gateway: Manages API requests, aggregates responses, and provides centralized security and routing.
10. Circuit Breaker Pattern: Prevents cascading failures by halting repeated failed operations.
11. Monolithic Architecture: A single codebase containing interdependent components, simpler initially but harder to scale.
12. Microservices: Breaks applications into smaller, independent services for better manageability and scalability.
13. Fault Tolerance: Ensures the system continues functioning despite component failures by using redundancy.
14. Service Discovery: Helps services dynamically locate and communicate with each other.
15. Database Indexing: Speeds up data retrieval using indexed columns in the database.
16. Rate Limiting: Controls the number of requests to ensure stability and prevent overload.
17. Data Partitioning: Divides datasets into smaller parts to optimize performance.
18. Event-Driven Architecture: Triggers actions based on events, enhancing inter-service communication.
19. Consistent Hashing: Uniformly distributes data across nodes to minimize reorganization when scaling.
20. Proxy Servers: Acts as intermediaries to enhance security, load balancing, and caching.